Oral Pathology Radiology (UBSDM) Example For Students

Oral Pathology Radiology (UBSDM) Dentigerous Cyst Florid Cemento-osseous dysplasia Peripheral Osteoma Compound Odontoma Periapical cyst/granuloma Periapical Cemento-osseous dysplasia Condensing Osteitis (aka Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis) Stafne Defect Ameloblastoma Periodontal Cyst Ameloblastoma Fibrous Dysplasia Pagets Disease Compound Odontoma Cementoblastoma Osteosarcoma Langerhans Histiocytosis Multiple Myeloma Ameloblastoma What is the differential Diagnosis? Dentigerous Cyst vs Ameloblastoma Complex Odontoma What is the differential diagnosis? Periapical Cyst vs Granuloma What is the differential diagnosis? Periapical Cyst vs Granuloma Fibrous Dysplasia Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Unicystic Ameloblastoma Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst Ameloblastoma Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma Myxoma Odontogenic Keratocyst Traumatic Bone Cyst (simple bone cyst) Stafne Defect Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma Sickle Cell Anemia Thalaseemia Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis Acute Apical Periodontitis Periapical Abscess 1. Identify 2.Chronic or Acute? Periapical Abscess (Chronic, Asymptomatic) Acute and Edematous spread of an acute inflammatory process to the soft tissue (fascial Planes). This is the generalized name for ludwigs angina and cavernous sinus thrombosis Cellulitis This is a form of cellulitis that effects the lower molar teeth 70% of the time. Involves the sublingual, submental space, and submandibular space Ludwigs Angina This is a form of cellulitis that stems from the maxilla. Maxillary anterior teeth spreads to the canine space. Maxillary premolar or molar teeth effects the buccal or infratemporal space Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Acute Osteomyelitis Acute Osteomyelitis Chronic Osteomyelitis Chronic Osteomyelitis Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis Condensing Osteitis (aka Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis) Condensing Osteitis (aka Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis) Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia Cementoblastoma Hypercementosis Garres Osteomyelitis Garres Osteomyelitis Bisphosphonate-associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Bisphosphonate-associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Clue at the early stage of this condition, there are no radiographic findings Bisphosphonate-associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Osteomyelitis Actinomycosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteomyelitis with Proliferative periostitis What is the differential diagnosis? Periapical Granuloma/Cyst What is the differential diagnosis? Periapical Granuloma/Cyst Periapical Fibrous Scar What is this histology characteristic of (in broad terms)? Cyst What is the differential diagnosis? Periapical Granuloma/cyst Buccal Bifurcation Cyst If you dont know this one by now tisk tisk Dentigerous Cyst The term _______________ has been applied to a ____(second work of first blank) that develops distally or buccally to a partially erupted mandibular third molar with a history of periocornitis. Paradental cyst 1. Identify 2. Is there a radiographic finding associated with this condition? Eruption Cyst (eruption hematoma) No radiographic findings 75-80% of the time this is in the mandibular premolar, canine, lateral incisor area. Teeth are vital Lateral Periodontal Cyst 75-80% of the time this is in the mandibular premolar, canine, lateral incisor area. Teeth are vital. Lateral Periodontal Cyst What is a lateral periodontal cyst called when it appears as a multilocular lesion Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst This has Bohns Nodules on the alveolar processes of neonates, and Epsteins pearls on the midline of the palate or laterally on the hard and soft palate. No treatment indicated. Gingival (alveolar) Cyst of the newborn Lets say this is a 55 year old individual and there are no radiographic findings. Gingival Cyst of the adult Lets say this is a 55 year old individual and there are no radiographic findings. Gingival Cyst of the adult Odontogenic Keratocyst Odontogenic Keratocyst Odontogenic Keratocyst Associated with a Bifid rib, intracranial abnormalities such as calcification of the falx cerebri Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Gorlins Syndrome) Develops in place of a tooth, before any crown formation. Patient denied history of 3rd molar extraction Primordial Cyst Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst Glandular Odontogenic Cyst Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst Most common non-odontigenic Nasopalatine Duct Cyst No radiographic changes Nasiolabial Cyst Old term but still used on boards. Globulomaxillary Cyst Previous bone injury, or degeneration of primary bone lesion. Interradicular Scalloping. Teeth are vital Traumatic (simple) Bone cyst Previous bone injury, or degeneration of primary bone lesion. Interradicular Scalloping. Teeth are vital Traumatic (simple) Bone cyst Aneurysmal Bone Cyst 3 variations of this lesion Static Bone cyst (Stafnes Bone Defect) Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect (FOBMD) Unicystic Ameloblastoma Peripheral Ameloblastoma Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor CEOT (Pindborg tumor) Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (AOT) Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (AOT) Squamous Odontogenic Tumor Odontogenic Myxoma Odontogenic Myxoma Odontogenic Fibroma Cementoblastoma Compound Odontoma Compound Odontoma Complex Odontoma Complex Odontoma Ameloblastic Fibroma Ameloblastic Fibroma Ameloblastic fibroma Ameloblastic Fibro-odontoma

1984 by George Orwell free essay sample

Marxism In the Novel 1984 Throughout time, rulers and controlling governments have used the ideas of Marxism to take and maintain control over the working class. Even today ideas such as classism and commodification are used in countries such as North Korea and Syria to help governments rule over their citizens. In George Orwell’s 1984 the ideas of Marxism are used to oppress proletariats. The Party tricks the citizens of Oceania into thinking that their propaganda benefits the working class, classism is used as a means of allowing the Party and its associates more power and control than the average citizen, and people under the Party’s rule are commoditized physically and psychologically so as to not questions their totalitarian government. Through the use of propaganda, the Party has tricked its citizens into believing that their controlling ways benefit proletariats, when in fact they only allow this oppressive government even more power. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 by George Orwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Party uses the Ministry of Truth to reconstruct the media as well as literature past and present so that all information available to the public provides a positive image of the government. 1 â€Å"And the Ministry had not only to supply the multifarious needs of the Party, but also to repeat the whole operation [of reconstructing media and literature] at a lower level for the benefit of the proletariat. † (Orwell, 45). The Ministry of Truth reconstructs the media and literature as a means of meeting and exceeding the Party’s needs as well as to sneakily trick proletariats into oppression. In addition, Junior Spies is sold to the adults of Oceania as a program to better raise their children when it is in fact the Party’s way to condition future generations to not turn against them as well as to monitor and report anybody who shows disloyalty to the government. 2 â€Å"Nearly all children nowadays were horrible. What was worst of all was that by means of such organizations as the Spies they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this produced in them no tendency whatever to rebel against the discipline of the Party. † (Orwell, 26). Junior Spies creates miniature mind-controlled monsters that obey anything told to them by the Party, even if it means turning on their own families, while the parents of these children are tricked into believing that their children are benefiting from this life-sucking program. Via the use of organizations such as the Ministry of Truth and Junior Spies, the Party has made their citizens believe that propaganda is beneficial to proletariats when it in fact controls every aspect of their lives. Classism is used by the Party to provide those at the top of the government more power than the average citizen, leading to their oppression. By being forced into poverty, the people of Oceania have been placed into a lower class and oppressed by those at the top of the Party. 3 â€Å"Winston wrenched his body out of bed – naked, for a member of the Outer Party received only three thousand clothing coupons annually, and a suit of pyjamas was six hundred – and seized a dingy singlet and a pair of shorts that were lying across a chair. † (Orwell, 33). The tiny amount of currency provided by the Party to its citizens doesn’t allow for people to purchase quality supplies and resources, demoralizing the public and allowing them to easily become oppressed victims of classism. Even those who work for the government are politically disenfranchised and have no idea that their work is helping to further strengthen those who are already politically powerful. 4 â€Å"It was therefore necessary to rewrite a paragraph of Big Brothers’ speech, in such a way as to make him predict the thing that had actually happened. † (Orwell, 41). A politically weak Winston doesn’t understand the full effects of rewriting one paragraph so that it shows Big Brother – the leader of the Party – as correct on a speech concerning an issue involving a war that Oceania was involved in. By rewriting this speech Winston makes Big Brother look more credible and allows him an easy opportunity to gain more political power, creating more class distinction and greater oppression from the Party. Being both financially and politically powerless, the average people of Oceania are clearly in a lower social class than those at the top of the Party and are forced to lead strictly controlled lives. The physical and psychological commoditization of the citizens of Oceania prevents anybody from questioning the actions of their totalitarian government. The feelings of hatred created within people by the Party are channelled into intense protests against the Partys’ enemies called â€Å"Two Minutes Hate†. These protests cause people to forget about the constant fear that they are under because of the Party, and instead fear their governments’ enemies and obey Big Brother as a means of protection. 5 â€Å"The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but that it was impossible to avoid joining it. † (Orwell, 16). The Two Minutes Hate being impossible to avoid joining despite not being mandatory illustrates further the hatred and fear instilled in the citizens of Oceania by the Party and how these terrible feelings are turned drastically in favour of the government by being redirected at political enemies which may not even exist. The dependence on the government that this manipulation creates prevents anybody from questioning the actions of Big Brother and turns peoples’ feelings into something of use, advantage, and profit for the Party, which by definition makes them a commodity. Also, the Party uses torture to convince any citizens who show a lack of loyalty that nothing is more powerful than physical pain, which gives the Party control over people’s actions – making their bodies a commodity. 6 â€Å"At the time when it happens you do mean it. You think there’s no other way of saving yourself and you’re quite ready to save yourself that way. You want it to happen to the other person. You don’t give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself. † (Orwell, 305). Julia says this to Winston, explaining that the Party had used physical torture to turn the two of them against each other and that all they cared about in that moment of pain was themselves. With enough physical torture people can be rid of all emotions towards anybody else, making them easy to psychologically manipulate and then physically control as Winston was. With the Party having physical control over them, the bodies of the citizens of Oceania become the commodity of the Party. With their bodies and minds as commodities of the Party, nobody could question the reign of Big Brother, oppressing the proletariats of Oceania. In Orwell’s 1984 the Party oppresses the proletariats of its society through the ideas of Marxism. The Party clearly uses propaganda as a means of control, but convinces citizens that this propaganda in fact benefits the working class. This propaganda creates class distinctions, which allow for classism to be used as a means of increasing the power held by the government of Oceania over its people. Being made totally powerless, the Party then psychologically and physically transforms the proletariats into their commodities. Orwell provides us with warnings about the dangers of ppressive forms of government such as Marxism and totalitarianism by showing us the worst-case scenario of a government that has taken absolute power over its citizens. To avoid making the mistakes made in countries such as North Korea and Syria, everybody must understand the dangers of controlling governments. Once people truly know how bad the situations in countries under this type of rule can be, eve ryone as a whole will be able to make a strong effort towards putting an end to this oppression and bringing peace to powerless proletariats everywhere. Works Cited 1 Orwell, George. Operation of Reconstructing Literature† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 45. 2 Orwell, George. â€Å"Children Turned Into Savages† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 26. 3 Orwell, George. â€Å"Very Few Clothes for Members of Outer Party† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 33. 4 Orwell, George. â€Å"Rewriting Newspaper Article to Benefit Big Brother† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 41. 5 Orwell, George. â€Å"Impossible to Avoid Joining Two Minutes Hate† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 16. 6 Orwell, George. â€Å"People Only Care About Themselves† 1984. Penguin Books. London, England: 1949. 305. 1984 By George Orwell free essay sample # 8211 ; With Outline Essay, Research Paper 1984 by George Orwell OutlineThesis Statement- This paper will analyze how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism.I IntroductionII Summary of 1984III Functions of major Charters A. Large Brother B. Winston C. O # 8217 ; Brien D. Julia E. Shop ownerIV Propaganda A. Ministry of Truth B. Ministry of LoveV Orwell # 8217 ; s ideas on Dictatorship A. From life experiences B. From a authors point of viewVI Decision Introduction # 8220 ; Orwell observed that every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written straight or indirectly, against dictatorship and for democratic socialism, as I understand it # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . George Orwell has been a major subscriber to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a clip when the dictatorship province, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the metropolis of London. # 8221 ; I know that constructing # 8217 ; said Winston eventually. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 By George Orwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its a ruin now. It # 8217 ; s in the center of the street outside the Palace of Justice. # 8217 ; That # 8217 ; s right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in-oh many old ages ago # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Orwell 83 ) . This reflects Orwell # 8217 ; s ain life experiences as a citizen in war lacerate England and how he uses this in 1984. George Orwell is celebrated for two major novels which attack dictatorship. The first is Animal Farm a sarcasm depicting the leaders of the Soviet Union as animate beings on an carnal farm. The 2nd novel is 1984 a narrative of dictators who are in complete control of a big portion of the universe after the Allies lost in World War II. The authorities in this fresh gives no freedoms to its citizens. They live in fright because they are afraid of holding bad ideas about the authorities of Oceania, a offense punishable by decease. This is the treasure in Orwell # 8217 ; s aggregation of novels against dictatorship. This paper will demo how George O rwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against dictatorship. 1984 is about life in a universe where no personal freedoms exist. Winston the chief character, is a adult male of 39 who is non extraordinary in either intelligence or character, but is disgusted with the universe he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a topographic point where history and the truth is rewritten to suit the party # 8217 ; s beliefs. Winston is cognizant of the falsehoods, because he makes them true. This makes him really upset with the authorities of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. His dissatisfaction additions to a point where he rebels against the authorities in little ways. Winston # 8217 ; s first act of rebellion is purchasing and composing in a diary. This act is known as a idea offense and is punishable by decease. A thought offense is any bad idea against the authorities of Oceania. Winston commits many thought offenses and becomes paranoid about being caught, which he knows is inevitable ( Greenblast 113 ) . He becomes paranoid because he is followed by a immature adult female who is actively involved in many community groups. Winston is obsessed with the yesteryear, a clip before Oceania was under rigorous absolutism. He goes into an old-timer store and buys a shell covered in glass which is another offense punishable by decease. He sees the same adult female following him. Many ideas race through his head # 8220 ; I wanted to ravish you and so slaying you afterwards. Two hebdomads ago I thought earnestly of nailing your caput in with a sett. If you truly want to cognize, I imagined that you had something to make with the Thought Police # 8221 ; ( Orwell 101 ) . The miss who was following him slipped him a note while at work. The note said # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; ( 90 ) . They make programs to run into each other and carry on an illegal love matter. This love matter is another rebellion against the authorit ies. It goes on for some clip. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be secluded from the outside universe. They meet a adult male named O # 8217 ; Brien who indicates that he is another radical. Winston and Julia go to his house to run into with him. O # 8217 ; Brien gives than a incendiary book to read. Soon after that, they are caught by the Thought Police and neer see each other once more. O # 8217 ; Brien, becomes Winston # 8217 ; s rehabilitator and torturer for the following 9 months. O # 8217 ; Brien tortures Winston in phases. The first two phases are to coerce the party # 8217 ; s beliefs on him so learn and understand what is expected of him. In the 3rd phase, Winston is made to confront what he in secret fears most, rats eating his face. After being wholly rehabilitated by O # 8217 ; Brien, Winston now loves the constitution and the authorities. He is set free. Large Brother is the front man of a authorities that has entire control. The Big Brother governmen t uses propaganda and puts fear in its citizens to maintain the general population in line. # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) is merely one illustration of many party mottos that puts fright in its citizens. Large Brother uses assorted ways to catch people guilty of bad ideas # 8220 ; In the universe of 1984 the autocrat Big Brother does use a huge ground forces of betrayers called thought constabularies, who watch every citizen at all times for the least marks of condemnable divergence which may dwell merely of irregular ideas # 8221 ; ( 112 ) . Winston Smith represents Orwell # 8217 ; s view on dictatorship. Winston Rebels against the authorities of Oceania by get downing a diary and invariably holding bad ideas against the authorities. # 8220 ; Winston knows that he is doomed from the minute he has his first dissident idea. The tensenesss of the fresh concerns how long he can remain alive and whether it is possible for Winston to decease without men tally bewraying his rebellion # 8221 ; ( Greenblast 115 ) . Winston starts composing in a diary for two grounds. The first is that he wants to be able to retrieve the day-to-day happenings in the universe. In 1984, the memory of persons, is efficaciously manipulated, programmed, and controlled from the exterior by the party ( Kolakowski 127 ) . People don # 8217 ; t know what they are consciously retrieving and what is told to them. # 8220 ; The party had invented aeroplanes # 8221 ; ( Orwell 127 ) is merely one illustration of the party # 8217 ; s propaganda and false statements that change every twenty-four hours. The other ground for the journal is so that people in the hereafter will be able to read what went on during Winston # 8217 ; s clip and to state them about his day-to-day contemplations on his feelings about the party. These are the same grounds why Orwell wrote 1984. He wanted to expose a communist state ( the Soviet Union ) . The specific political intent that h ad aro used Orwell # 8217 ; s sense of urgency was his desire to detonate the myth of the Soviet Union as the paradigm of the socialist province. He besides wanted to expose the dangers of dictatorship, which the devaluation of nonsubjective truth, and the systematic use of the common people through propaganda ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . O # 8217 ; Brien is an source to Big Brother. He is non who he seems to be. He appears to Winston as a fellow plotter, but really becomes Winston # 8217 ; s torturer and rehabilitator. O # 8217 ; Brien and the party can # 8217 ; t digest Winston # 8217 ; s treachery of the authorities. O # 8217 ; Brien tells his victim: You are a defect in the form, Winston. You are a discoloration that must be wiped out # 8230 ; It is unbearable that an erroneous idea should be anyplace in the universe, nevertheless secret and powerless it may be. ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . In fact, the party can # 8217 ; t grok his incredulity and must alter his ideas through anguish and brainwash. # 8220 ; You will be hollow. We shall squash you empty and so we shall make full you with ourselves # 8221 ; ( Orwell 200 ) . O # 8217 ; Brien represents the nucleus of Communist or totalitarian regulation, doing the victims suffer by utilizing brainwashing to command them. O # 8217 ; Brien besides tells Winston what he should experience about Big Brother when Winston is at his lowest point mentally and physically. O # 8217 ; Brien # 8217 ; s addresss to the broken Winsto N Smith in the Thought Polices # 8217 ; torture chamber represents for Orwell the nucleus of our century # 8217 ; s political hideousness. Although O # 8217 ; Brien says that power seeks power and needs no ideological alibi. he does in fact explain to his victim what this power is ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Julia is considered a sexual pervert in the laden universe of 1984. In a normal universe sex is free, in 1984 it # 8217 ; s a forbidden act merely allowed for reproduction intents to maintain the party # 8217 ; s Numberss changeless. Julia has been sexually active since her teenage old ages. # 8220 ; She had had her foremost love matter when she was 16, with a party member of 60 # 8221 ; ( Orwell 109 ) . Love and sex is non allowed in this totalitarian province so Julia has to look every bit pure as possible so that she does non demo any guilt. # 8220 ; You thought I was a good party member, pure in word and title. Banners, emanations, mottos, games, community hikings all that material. And you [ Winston ] thought that if I had a one-fourth of a opportunity I # 8217 ; d denounce you as a thought felon and acquire you killed off # 8221 ; ( 101 ) . The proprietor of the old-timer store is another illustration of person looking to be what he is non. Orwell uses the store proprietor to exemplify a point. Orwell shows that no 1 can be trusted in a totalitarian state. Person who appears to be your friend will reall y turn you in and have you killed. The store proprietor appears to be an old widowman who enjoys holding conversations with Winston Smith. Throughout the book it can be seen that looks can be lead oning. He is really a member of the Thought Police and gets a good laugh when Winston and Julia acquiring caught. Now all he can make is wait for his following victim to come in his shop. The Ministry of Truth is a topographic point where history and facts # 8211 ; important and undistinguished are rewritten to reflect the party # 8217 ; s Utopian beliefs. They exhaustively destroy the records of the yesteryear ; they print up new, up to-date editions of old newspapers and books ; and they know corrected versions will be replaced by another, re-corrected one. Their end is to do people bury everything- facts, words, dead people, the names of topographic points. How far they win in killing the yesteryear is non to the full established in Orwell # 8217 ; s description ; clearly they try di fficult and they score impressive consequences. The ideal of complete limbo may non hold been reached, yet farther advancement is to be expressed ( Kolakowski 126 ) . Winston and Julia are workers at the Ministry of Truth. Winston gets more mentally involved in his work than Julia. # 8220 ; Winston Smith and his chaps at the Ministry of Truth spend their yearss rewriting the yesteryear: Most of the stuff you were covering with had no connexion with anything in the existent universe, non even the sort of connexion that is contained in a direct prevarication # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Winston is non as strong mentally as Julia. His work affects him more. The Ministry of Truth is like a totalitarian state, because it has ways to frighten its citizens. People guilty of offenses are erased from holding of all time existed. # 8220 ; Your name was removed from the registries, every record of your being was denied and so bury # 8221 ; ( Orwell 19 ) . Agai n people were taken off without any rights. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; there was no test no study of apprehension # 8221 ; ( 19 ) . The existent intent of the Ministry of Truth is to distribute prevarications and to hold control over its citizens utilizing memory wipe outing techniques. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the differentiation between true and false in their usual significance has disappea ruddy. This is the great cognitive victory of dictatorship: it can non be accused of lying any longer since it has succeeded in abrogating the really thought of truth ( Kolakowski 127 ) . These same control techniques are used by totalitarian states that seek control over at that place citizens. The Ministry of Truth is a complete contradiction of itself. A Ministry of Truth should non alter past happenings or say people neer existed. It should represent the truth and non wipe out records of the being of people. The Ministry of Love is where all felons are tortured, rehabilitated, so put free or killed. Equally shortly as Winston is captured he knows he is traveling to the Ministry of Love. The Ministry of Love was the truly scaring one. There were no Windowss in it at all. Winston had neer been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a topographic point impossible to come in except on offical concern, and so merely by perforating throu gh a labyrinth of barbed-wire webs, steel doors, and concealed machine-gun nests. Even the streets taking up to its outer barriers were roamed by gorilla-faced guards in black uniforms, armed with jointed nightsticks ( Orwell 8 ) . In a totalitarian province something resembling a Ministry of Love is common topographic point. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point where the authorities can bring down hurting on its topics for offenses large and little. That is how totalitarian states maintain, power over their citizens # 8211 ; by fright of hurting. The name Ministry of Love is a contradiction of itself. Its name shows a feeling of love and heat, but in actuality it # 8217 ; s the complete antonym. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point of hatred and hurting and is cold and dark. A better name for it would be the Ministry of Hate. George Orwell lived during a clip when Europe was in a period of reconstructing after World War II. During that clip Soviets gained six states as orbiters. England was incapacitated and had to worry about their ain jobs and had to watch the Soviet Union take control of half of Germany. The leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin, closely resembles Big Brother. They were both larger than life figures in there several states. In the Soviet Union you could easy hold found big postings with Stalin # 8217 ; s face on them. The same holds true in 1984 ; Big Brother # 8217 ; s face is everyplace. A celebrated quotation mark from 1984 is # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) . Meaning if his Thought Police don # 8217 ; t catch you, his telescreens and concealed m ikes would. In the Soviet Union, Stalin # 8217 ; s K.G.B. sought felons who plotted against the authorities. In Stalin # 8217 ; s government over 10 million people were killed. In 1984 100s of felons were killed daily. Another facet of the 1940 # 8217 ; s were the new broadcast T.V. # 8217 ; s and mainframe computing machines. The new engineerings could be used for agencies of control. Orwell saw communist states utilizing these engineerings for control ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . This is where Orwell # 8217 ; s thought of telescreens and concealed mikes came from. Before World War II, Orwell had his worst brush with Communists. While Orwell was in the Spanish Civil War, he was running off from Soviet Communists who were seeking to kill him. After that experience he got out of the ground forces and became a author full clip. # 8220 ; Another daze to Orwell was when the Nazi-Soviet treaty signaled the dislocation and the beginning of the mental and emotional provinc e out of which grew Animal Farm and 1984 # 8243 ; ( Greenblast 105 ) . Orwell may of hold extracted what he saw in his universe while composing but it was done to acquire people # 8217 ; s attending of jobs in the bing universe. # 8220 ; Orwell # 8217 ; s primary intent is to falsify upseting conditions inclinations and wonts of idea that he saw bing in the universe # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Orwell saw, the whole universe steadily traveling toward a huge ruthless dictatorship. He felt nil could halt it # 8217 ; s monstrous advancement. 1984, in malice of its scene in the hereafter, is non chiefly a Utopian phantasy vaticinating what the universe will be like in 30 or 40 old ages but a novel about what the universe is like now ( Greenblast 112 ) . Orwell ever relates characters in his books to points of position and existent people. In Animal Farm every farm animate being represents a individual in the Soviet Union. In 1984, Orwell represents his point of position in Winston. He shows a totalitarian leader, in O # 8217 ; Brien and Big Brother, while Julia is the desire and lecherousness in every human being. George Orwell had deep bitterness against dictatorship and what it stood for. He saw the job of dictatorship in his existing universe. He besides understood how the job could maturate and go larger due to instability in Europe # 8217 ; s economic system after World War II. He intentionally makes the narrative, 1984, unrealistic and blown out of proportion to capture people # 8217 ; s attending and do them believe possibly it wouldn # 8217 ; t be unrealistic in the close hereafter. With his deep bitterness toward dictatorship it became the focal point of his novels. George Orwell # 8217 ; s, novels were directed toward against dictatorship and for Socialism and what it stood for. 1984, Andrews, Paul. # 8220 ; 1984 Plus 10. # 8221 ; The Seattle Times 6 March 1994: A1+ . Black, David. # 8220 ; Wider Still and Wider # 8221 ; European 25 October 1991: 8-9. Daley, Alan L. George Orwell, Writer and Critic of Modern Society. Charlottesville: Samhar Press, 1974. Deutscher, Isaac. # 8220 ; 1984-The Mysticsm of Cruelty. # 8221 ; George Orwell, A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 119- 132. # 8220 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; Detecting Writers. 1993 erectile dysfunction. Gale Research Inc. , 1993. Greenblast, Stephen J. # 8220 ; Orwell as Satirist. # 8221 ; George Orwell, ACollection Of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 103-118. Huber, Peter. # 8220 ; Bye -Bye, Big Brother. # 8221 ; National Review 15 August 1994: 48-50. Kolakowski, Leszek. # 8220 ; Totalitarianism and the virtuousness of the Lie. # 8221 ; 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Our Century. Ed. Irving Howe. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 122-136. Leyden, Peter. # 8220 ; On the Digital Age: Dawn of a Second Renaissance # 8221 ; Star Tribune 25 June 1995: 1t+ . Orwell, George. 1984. New York: The New American Library Inc. , 1983. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four, Past, Present, and Future. Boston G.K. Hall and Co. , 1989. Stansky, Peter and William Abrahams. Orwell: The Transformation. London: Gramala Publishing Limited, 1981. Tucker, Robert C. # 8220 ; Does Big Brother Really Exist? # 8221 ; 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Your Century. Ed. Irving Howe, New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 89-103. Verity, John W. # 8220 ; Why Big Brother Isn # 8217 ; t Watching You. # 8221 ; Business Week 9 January, 1995: 15- 16. Weight, Richard. # 8220 ; Return To Albion, Intellectuals in Wartime Britain. # 8221 ; History Today. December 1994: 37-43. OutlineThesis Statement- This paper will analyze how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism.I IntroductionII Summary of 1984III Functions of major Charters A. Large Brother B. Winston C. O # 8217 ; Brien D. Julia E. Shop ownerIV Propaganda A. Ministry of Truth B. Ministry of LoveV Orwell # 8217 ; s ideas on Dictatorship A. From life experiences B. From a authors point of viewVI Decision Introduction # 8220 ; Orwell observed that every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written straight or indirectly, against dictatorship and for democratic socialism, as I understand it # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . George Orwell has been a major subscriber to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a clip when the dictatorship province, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the metropolis of London. # 8221 ; I know that constructing # 8217 ; said Winston eventually. Its a ruin now. It # 8217 ; s in the center of the street outside the Palace of Justice. # 8217 ; That # 8217 ; s right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in-oh many old ages ago # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Orwell 83 ) . This reflects Orwell # 8217 ; s ain life experiences as a citizen in war lacerate England and how he uses this in 1984. George Orwell is celebrated for two major novels which att ack dictatorship. The first is Animal Farm a sarcasm depicting the leaders of the Soviet Union as animate beings on an carnal farm. The 2nd novel is 1984 a narrative of dictators who are in complete control of a big portion of the universe after the Allies lost in World War II. The authorities in this fresh gives no freedoms to its citizens. They live in fright because they are afraid of holding bad ideas about the authorities of Oceania, a offense punishable by decease. This is the treasure in Orwell # 8217 ; s aggregation of novels against dictatorship. This paper will demo how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against dictatorship. 1984 is about life in a universe where no personal freedoms exist. Winston the chief character, is a adult male of 39 who is non extraordinary in either intelligence or character, but is disgusted with the universe he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a topographic point where history and the truth is rewritten to suit the p arty # 8217 ; s beliefs. Winston is cognizant of the falsehoods, because he makes them true. This makes him really upset with the authorities of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. His dissatisfaction additions to a point where he rebels against the authorities in little ways. Winston # 8217 ; s first act of rebellion is purchasing and composing in a diary. This act is known as a idea offense and is punishable by decease. A thought offense is any bad idea against the authorities of Oceania. Winston commits many thought offenses and becomes paranoid about being caught, which he knows is inevitable ( Greenblast 113 ) . He becomes paranoid because he is followed by a immature adult female who is actively involved in many community groups. Winston is obsessed with the yesteryear, a clip before Oceania was under rigorous absolutism. He goes into an old-timer store and buys a shell covered in glass which is another offense punishable by decease. H e sees the same adult female following him. Many ideas race through his head # 8220 ; I wanted to ravish you and so slaying you afterwards. Two hebdomads ago I thought earnestly of nailing your caput in with a sett. If you truly want to cognize, I imagined that you had something to make with the Thought Police # 8221 ; ( Orwell 101 ) . The miss who was following him slipped him a note while at work. The note said # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; ( 90 ) . They make programs to run into each other and carry on an illegal love matter. This love matter is another rebellion against the authorities. It goes on for some clip. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be secluded from the outside universe. They meet a adult male named O # 8217 ; Brien who indicates that he is another radical. Winston and Julia go to his house to run into with him. O # 8217 ; Brien gives than a incendiary book to read. Soon after that, they are caught by the Thought Police and neer see each other once mo re. O # 8217 ; Brien, becomes Winston # 8217 ; s rehabilitator and torturer for the following 9 months. O # 8217 ; Brien tortures Winston in phases. The first two phases are to coerce the party # 8217 ; s beliefs on him so learn and understand what is expected of him. In the 3rd phase, Winston is made to confront what he in secret fears most, rats eating his face. After being wholly rehabilitated by O # 8217 ; Brien, Winston now loves the constitution and the authorities. He is set free. Large Brother is the front man of a authorities that has entire control. The Big Brother government uses propaganda and puts fear in its citizens to maintain the general population in line. # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) is merely one illustration of many party mottos that puts fright in its citizens. Large Brother uses assorted ways to catch people guilty of bad ideas # 8220 ; In the universe of 1984 the autocrat Big Brother does use a huge ground forces of betra yers called thought constabularies, who watch every citizen at all times for the least marks of condemnable divergence which may dwell merely of irregular ideas # 8221 ; ( 112 ) . Winston Smith represents Orwell # 8217 ; s view on dictatorship. Winston Rebels against the authorities of Oceania by get downing a diary and invariably holding bad ideas against the authorities. # 8220 ; Winston knows that he is doomed from the minute he has his first dissident idea. The tensenesss of the fresh concerns how long he can remain alive and whether it is possible for Winston to decease without mentally bewraying his rebellion # 8221 ; ( Greenblast 115 ) . Winston starts composing in a diary for two grounds. The first is that he wants to be able to retrieve the day-to-day happenings in the universe. In 1984, the memory of persons, is efficaciously manipulated, programmed, and controlled from the exterior by the party ( Kolakowski 127 ) . People don # 8217 ; t know what they are consciously retrieving and what is told to them. # 8220 ; The party had invented aeroplanes # 8221 ; ( Orwell 127 ) is merely one illustration of the party # 8217 ; s propaganda and false statements that change every twenty-four hours. The other ground for the journal is so that people in the hereafter will be able to read what went on during Winston # 8217 ; s clip and to state them about his day-to-day contemplations on his feelings about the party. These are the same grounds why Orwell wrote 1984. He wanted to expose a communist state ( the Soviet Union ) . The specific political intent that had aro used Orwell # 8217 ; s sense of urgency was his desire to detonate the myth of the Soviet Union as the paradigm of the socialist province. He besides wanted to expose the dangers of dictatorship, which the devaluation of nonsubjective truth, and the systematic use of the common people through propaganda ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . O # 8217 ; Brien is an source to Big Brother. H e is non who he seems to be. He appears to Winston as a fellow plotter, but really becomes Winston # 8217 ; s torturer and rehabilitator. O # 8217 ; Brien and the party can # 8217 ; t digest Winston # 8217 ; s treachery of the authorities. O # 8217 ; Brien tells his victim: You are a defect in the form, Winston. You are a discoloration that must be wiped out # 8230 ; It is unbearable that an erroneous idea should be anyplace in the universe, nevertheless secret and powerless it may be. ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . In fact, the party can # 8217 ; t grok his incredulity and must alter his ideas through anguish and brainwash. # 8220 ; You will be hollow. We shall squash you empty and so we shall make full you with ourselves # 8221 ; ( Orwell 200 ) . O # 8217 ; Brien represents the nucleus of Communist or totalitarian regulation, doing the victims suffer by utilizing brainwashing to command them. O # 8217 ; Brien besides tells Winston what he should experience abou t Big Brother when Winston is at his lowest point mentally and physically. O # 8217 ; Brien # 8217 ; s addresss to the broken Winsto N Smith in the Thought Polices # 8217 ; torture chamber represents for Orwell the nucleus of our century # 8217 ; s political hideousness. Although O # 8217 ; Brien says that power seeks power and needs no ideological alibi. he does in fact explain to his victim what this power is ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Julia is considered a sexual pervert in the laden universe of 1984. In a normal universe sex is free, in 1984 it # 8217 ; s a forbidden act merely allowed for reproduction intents to maintain the party # 8217 ; s Numberss changeless. Julia has been sexually active since her teenage old ages. # 8220 ; She had had her foremost love matter when she was 16, with a party member of 60 # 8221 ; ( Orwell 109 ) . Love and sex is non allowed in this totalitarian province so Julia has to look every bit pure as possible so that she does no n demo any guilt. # 8220 ; You thought I was a good party member, pure in word and title. Banners, emanations, mottos, games, community hikings all that material. And you [ Winston ] thought that if I had a one-fourth of a opportunity I # 8217 ; d denounce you as a thought felon and acquire you killed off # 8221 ; ( 101 ) . The proprietor of the old-timer store is another illustration of person looking to be what he is non. Orwell uses the store proprietor to exemplify a point. Orwell shows that no 1 can be trusted in a totalitarian state. Person who appears to be your friend will really turn you in and have you killed. The store proprietor appears to be an old widowman who enjoys holding conversations with Winston Smith. Throughout the book it can be seen that looks can be lead oning. He is really a member of the Thought Police and gets a good laugh when Winston and Julia acquiring caught. Now all he can make is wait for his following victim to come in his shop. The Ministry of Truth is a topographic point where history and facts # 8211 ; important and undistinguished are rewritten to reflect the party # 8217 ; s Utopian beliefs. They exhaustively destroy the records of the yesteryear ; they print up new, up to-date editions of old newspapers and books ; and they know corrected versions will be replaced by another, re-corrected one. Their end is to do people bury everything- facts, words, dead people, the names of topographic points. How far they win in killing the yesteryear is non to the full established in Orwell # 8217 ; s description ; clearly they try difficult and they score impressive consequences. The ideal of complete limbo may non hold been reached, yet farther advancement is to be expressed ( Kolakowski 126 ) . Winston and Julia are workers at the Ministry of Truth. Winston gets more mentally involved in his work than Julia. # 8220 ; Winston Smith and his chaps at the Ministry of Truth spend their yearss rewriting the yesteryear: Most of th e stuff you were covering with had no connexion with anything in the existent universe, non even the sort of connexion that is contained in a direct prevarication # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Winston is non as strong mentally as Julia. His work affects him more. The Ministry of Truth is like a totalitarian state, because it has ways to frighten its citizens. People guilty of offenses are erased from holding of all time existed. # 8220 ; Your name was removed from the registries, every record of your being was denied and so bury # 8221 ; ( Orwell 19 ) . Again people were taken off without any rights. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; there was no test no study of apprehension # 8221 ; ( 19 ) . The existent intent of the Ministry of Truth is to distribute prevarications and to hold control over its citizens utilizing memory wipe outing techniques. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the differentiation between true and false in their usual significance has disappea ruddy. This is the great cognitive victory of dictatorship: it can non be accused of lying any longer since it has succeeded in abrogating the really thought of truth ( Kolakowski 127 ) . These same control techniques are used by totalitarian states that seek control over at that place citizens. The Ministry of Truth is a complete contradiction of itself. A Ministry of Truth should non alter past happenings or say people neer existed. It should represent the truth and non wipe out records of the being of people. The Ministry of Love is where all felons are tortured, rehabilitated, so put free or killed. Equally shortly as Winston is captured he knows he is traveling to the Ministry of Love. The Ministry of Love was the truly scaring one. There were no Windowss in it at all. Winston had neer been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a topographic point impossible to come in except on offical concern, and so merely by perforating throu gh a labyrinth of barbed-wire webs, steel doors, and concealed machine-gun nests. Even the streets taking up to its outer barriers were roamed by gorilla-faced guards in black uniforms, armed with jointed nightsticks ( Orwell 8 ) . In a totalitarian province something resembling a Ministry of Love is common topographic point. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point where the authorities can bring down hurting on its topics for offenses large and little. That is how totalitarian states maintain, power over their citizens # 8211 ; by fright of hurting. The name Ministry of Love is a contradiction of itself. Its name shows a feeling of love and heat, but in actuality it # 8217 ; s the complete antonym. It # 8217 ; s a topographic point of hatred and hurting and is cold and dark. A better name for it would be the Ministry of Hate. George Orwell lived during a clip when Europe was in a period of reconstructing after World War II. During that clip Soviets gained six states as orbiters. England was incapacitated and had to worry about their ain jobs and had to watch the Soviet Union take control of half of Germany. The leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin, closely resembles Big Brother. They were both larger than life figures in there several states. In the Soviet Union you could easy hold found big postings with Stalin # 8217 ; s face on them. The same holds true in 1984 ; Big Brother # 8217 ; s face is everyplace. A celebrated quotation mark from 1984 is # 8220 ; Big Brother is watching you # 8221 ; ( Orwell 5 ) . Meaning if his Thought Police don # 8217 ; t catch you, his telescreens and concealed mikes would. In the Soviet Union, Stalin # 8217 ; s K.G.B. sought felons who plotted against the authorities. In Stalin # 8217 ; s government over 10 million people were killed. In 1984 100s of felons were killed daily. Another facet of the 1940 # 8217 ; s were the new broadcast T.V. # 8217 ; s and mainframe computing machines. The new engineerings could be used for agencies of control. Orwell s aw communist states utilizing these engineerings for control ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . This is where Orwell # 8217 ; s thought of telescreens and concealed mikes came from. Before World War II, Orwell had his worst brush with Communists. While Orwell was in the Spanish Civil War, he was running off from Soviet Communists who were seeking to kill him. After that experience he got out of the ground forces and became a author full clip. # 8220 ; Another daze to Orwell was when the Nazi-Soviet treaty signaled the dislocation and the beginning of the mental and emotional province out of which grew Animal Farm and 1984 # 8243 ; ( Greenblast 105 ) . Orwell may of hold extracted what he saw in his universe while composing but it was done to acquire people # 8217 ; s attending of jobs in the bing universe. # 8220 ; Orwell # 8217 ; s primary intent is to falsify upseting conditions inclinations and wonts of idea that he saw bing in the universe # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; ) . Orwell saw, the whole universe steadily traveling toward a huge ruthless dictatorship. He felt nil could halt it # 8217 ; s monstrous advancement. 1984, in malice of its scene in the hereafter, is non chiefly a Utopian phantasy vaticinating what the universe will be like in 30 or 40 old ages but a novel about what the universe is like now ( Greenblast 112 ) . Orwell ever relates characters in his books to points of position and existent people. In Animal Farm every farm animate being represents a individual in the Soviet Union. In 1984, Orwell represents his point of position in Winston. He shows a totalitarian leader, in O # 8217 ; Brien and Big Brother, while Julia is the desire and lecherousness in every human being. George Orwell had deep bitterness against dictatorship and what it stood for. He saw the job of dictatorship in his existing universe. He besides understood how the job could maturate and go larger due to instability in Europe # 8217 ; s econ omic system after World War II. He intentionally makes the narrative, 1984, unrealistic and blown out of proportion to capture people # 8217 ; s attending and do them believe possibly it wouldn # 8217 ; t be unrealistic in the close hereafter. With his deep bitterness toward dictatorship it became the focal point of his novels. George Orwell # 8217 ; s, novels were directed toward against dictatorship and for Socialism and what it stood for. 1984, Bibliography Andrews, Paul. # 8220 ; 1984 Plus 10. # 8221 ; The Seattle Times 6 March 1994: A1+ . Black, David. # 8220 ; Wider Still and Wider # 8221 ; European 25 October 1991: 8-9. Daley, Alan L. George Orwell, Writer and Critic of Modern Society. Charlottesville: Samhar Press, 1974. Deutscher, Isaac. # 8220 ; 1984-The Mysticsm of Cruelty. # 8221 ; George Orwell, A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 119- 132. # 8220 ; George Orwell # 8221 ; Detecting Writers. 1993 erectile dysfunction. Gale Research Inc. , 1993. Greenblast, Stephen J. # 8220 ; Orwell as Satirist. # 8221 ; George Orwell, ACollection Of Critical Essays. Ed. Raymond Williams. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1974. 103-118. Huber, Peter. # 8220 ; Bye -Bye, Big Brother. # 8221 ; National Review 15 August 1994: 48-50. Kolakowski, Leszek. # 8220 ; Totalitarianism and the virtuousness of the Lie. # 8221 ; 1984 Revisited, Totalitarianism In Our Century. Ed. Irving Howe. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 122-136. Leyden, Peter. # 8220 ; On the Digital Age: Dawn of a Second Renaissance # 8221 ; Star Tribune 25 June 1995: 1t+ . Orwell, George. 1984. New York: The New American Library Inc. , 1983. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four, Past, Present, and Future. Boston G.K. Hall and Co. , 1989. Stansky, Peter and William Abrahams. Orwell: The Transformation. London: Gramala Publishing Limited, 1981. Tucker, Robert C. # 8220 ; Does Big Brother Really Exist? # 8221 ; 1984 Re visited, Totalitarianism In Your Century. Ed. Irving Howe, New York: Harper and Row, 1983. 89-103. Verity, John W. # 8220 ; Why Big Brother Isn # 8217 ; t Watching You. # 8221 ; Business Week 9 January, 1995: 15- 16. Weight, Richard. # 8220 ; Return To Albion, Intellectuals in Wartime Britain. # 8221 ; History Today. December 1994: 37-43.

Alternative Sentencing

Alternative Sentencing Free Online Research Papers If we are to be a serious society then we need to address the human element seriously, and that means addressing the worst of the human element along with the best. As humans are raised differently and their amount of self control varies with each individual there can be no constant as to the degree of behavior. Athletes who have had even the most stringent upbringing may enter the professional world as polite and decent human beings, and then after super stardom and the total collapse of inhibition and self control takes hold what once was a stellar upstanding member of society becomes a variant of the criminal class. Dennis Rodman would be a perfect case study as to what a decent human being can become.Given the microcosm which is the professional sports world we can easily leap into the macrocosm which is the rest of us in society. Humans of different degrees of self control and civility will engage in various degrees of activity which range from the saintly to the â€Å"hell-bound†. As a society that wishes to remain humane and just we must address these variant levels of behavior and establish a system of law and reward to match and measure the proper punishment that will meet the needs of mankind in it’s effort to maintain a civil society. For the most violent offenders of the laws of mankind this discussion can be brief and for the most part with the exception of the death penalty little is needed in gaining a consensus. However when the crimes fall under the categories of not so heinous, or even the sub-category of â€Å"super sillious lawmaking†, more prudent minds have come up with an idea that is as old as time. Alternative Sentencing. Now this idea isn’t new by any stretch of the imagination, the new part of it is that like any advancing society, new ideas can come up at any time and more than likely have some merit no matter it’s nouveau. While it is entirely proper and fills it’s calling it can be the subject of many discerning eyes. And for the most part it is worthwhile in pursuing even if a few eyebrows will be raised when a sentence is handed down that sounds more like a treat than a punishment. Now before getting too far ahead of ourselves as for the justice involved lets take a look at some of the â€Å"Alternative Sentencing† that is out there. A main staple for criminals who arguably are not criminals just a person caught up in foolish thinking or just lacked enough self control for the moment to wind up on the wrong side of the law†¦we have†¦ †HOUSE ARREST†. or Home Detention as it may be called. Most of the time but not always this may involve what some have endearingly called, â€Å"an anklet†. An electronic bracelet usually fitted around the ankle of the subject to send a signal to authorities if that individual leaves a certain area, usually the person’s home. Then there is the â€Å"WORK RELEASE PROGRAM†, sometimes called the â€Å"Work Furlough Program†. This program typically has an alternative to Jail housing while the individual goes to work routinely they must return to the facility of choice with no other stops on the way. Do not pass go, do not collect 200.00. Okay in this case they do collect their financial rewards. Also there is Drug Treatment Options or as they are so endeared by their participants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ DRUG COURTS†. Sounds ominous indeed but it is merely the pass or fail of random drug testing that these courts preside over. For Drug offenders this is an intelligent alternative to filling up prisons with addicted people who are not living the life of career criminal. â€Å"CITY JAIL† or Private Jail, this is like voluntary jail. You do your time when you can allowing to participate in a normal life yet still do the prescribed penalty for your crime. Kind of like Otus in Mayberry who would come in at night and sleep it off. Sort of, or maybe not. â€Å"SOBER LIVING†, affectionately called halfway houses. Halfway between Jail and living free. Mainly for alcoholics who have committed crimes but for the sake of their addiction maybe would have chosen better. â€Å"DIVERSION PROGRAMS†, or a more accurate term would be Addiction Education classes. Pass this class and maybe your minor crime is paid in full. And lastly we all know the ever-loving slap on the wrist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ COMMUNITY SERVICE†. Unfortunately I am not rich enough to know too much about this sort of punishment. Saw it on TV. but doubtfully will never experience it. This program can consist of cleaning up your freeway or being on a television sitcom. Whatever the judge feels like. So there you have it, a cornucopia of mental solutions for the inexperienced or novice criminal. Truth be told when mankind puts it’s collective minds together, they don’t do half bad. Now while the idea here is not to have a one-size-fits-all mentality, it is necessary to have programs readily available to keep the â€Å"Eigth Amendment† in the spirit it was intended. Unlike other societies around the world who have neither the time nor the inclination to fit the punishment to the crime, we have come up with a rather strong argument for why these â€Å"Programs† need to be implemented. For one they free up tax payer dollars. Another argument could be made it doesn’t create a career criminal which housing someone in with other career criminals could create. ( I couldn’t find exact evidence of this in my research but I strongly believe it and believe evidence does exist to corroborate it ). But even more compelling is the compassion of it. Now statistics could be made to say anything and while researching the topic of â€Å"Statistics of alternative sentencing† I came away with so much conflicting data I couldn’t make heads or tails of it. But it doesn’t stop me from coming to conclusions of what I read. Inasmuch as some say Alternative Sentencing is a farce and a waste of time, some important statistics did jump out. Alternative Sentencing produces much less repeat offenders. Now if you consider the types of crimes that are committed that receive alternative sentencing you could call that rubbish. But there is real meat in there and that has to be considered. It would matter not the category, if you get less repeat offenders, something has to be working. That is just plain common sense. Now where we can offer these programs where I think statistics would lead us is obviously the addicted. Unfortunately we have made addiction a crime. The use of illegal narcotics while is arguable in and of itself creates an instant criminal. While it might be easier to separate the â€Å"salesman† from the buyer never-the-less they both are criminals in the courts of our land. So here we are with a person who has stolen nothing, injured no one save his or herself and in a moment of weakness that person is now a criminal. Well for a crime like that would it make sense to put that person in prison? Don’t even ask yourself that ridiculous question, because right now in this country alone the prisons are filled with them. Now I don’t argue that after the person falls into the addiction usually bad things happen. Addicted people are famous for doing what they need to or have to; to continue on the addicted path. For those who use their addiction as an excuse to forgo any self control, well depending on the degree it leads to will depend upon where in the criminal justice system they land. But this does not deter my argument that drug addiction in itself isn’t criminal. So a reasonable mind would have to come up with a reasonable reward for such an action and â€Å"Alternative Sentencing fits that bill nicely. For crimes which society deem to be harmless enough Alternative Sentencing and Diversion must play the central role. It is fruitless and inhumane to do otherwise. In the case where rehabilitation is the keyword in all of criminal justice; over reaction to and heavy handedness to sentencing does nothing to help someone who has made a redeemable mistake. Humans will for the most part like an airplane be off course most of their destination, while making the final corrections just before their landing. It makes sense to be understanding of human behavior and use the rewards of the justice system to merit the crime, so that people who have a chance for rehabilitation are in an environment where they can feel like they can be redeemed. Over reaction and heavy handedness by judges is just as damaging as leniency. It has it’s place and wise men have done society a great justice in making sure we do not create a vengeful creature out of a minor mistake. Whether or not the system is working to the best of it’s creators hopes is not the real question here. The real question is, what would it be like without Alternative Sentencing? That is not an answer I would look forward to hearing. Research Papers on Alternative SentencingCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic EngineeringNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTrailblazing by Eric AndersonPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Spring and Autumn

Executive Summary for the development of a new product Essay

Executive Summary for the development of a new product - Essay Example The NRG-H product is expected to form part of a new low-calorie diet snack food market segment and is expected to resemble the trademark of the Fitter Snacker. This new product is likely to appeal to the tastes of many people in this new segment given that it will reduce the calorie content which is seen as a positive step towards safeguarding the health concerns of the consumers. The operations related to this new product will be basically concerned about incorporating it into SAP. The advantage of this particular stance is to leverage the new product on the popularity of the SAP given that the customer and vendor relationships depend upon this. There are likely chances of success of this product if these steps are carefully implemented. 2. After factoring in all the production costs, it is anticipated that a case of 24 bars can be profitably sold at $28.80 as the wholesale price. This distribution channel is ideal in that it has many links with the vendors as well as retail outlets. This price is reasonable given that small actors in the retail sector will also be able to buy a case for resale. It is assumed that at this wholesale price, a profit margin of about $8 is likely to be realised. The retail price of a bar of this new product is pegged at $1.50. This price has been suggested after considering that this is still a new product hence it has to be priced slightly lower than similar products already existing in the market. The other justification for this price is that when penetrating a market, there is need to fairly price the product such that it can appeal to the interests of many potential customers. Some consumers can just buy it as trial but once satisfied, they are likely to refer other consumers to this particular offering. In some instances, the customers tend to discover new products in retail shops hence this is an ideal channel of distribution of this particular product. The wholesale and retail prices are justifiable given

Sainsbury's the Supermarket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sainsbury's the Supermarket - Essay Example The business began as a family owned venture, but later changed ownership in 2011 to include shareholders such as Qatar investment Authority who are currently the majority shareholders for this supermarket chain. Despite the challenge they experienced by Tesco who beat them to be the market leader in 1995 and demotion by Asda to be in the third place in 2003, the store rose again to be second largest supermarket in 2013 thrashing Asda. With this, this essay will develop the supermarket’s profile within its target market using the demographic, behavioral, psychographic, and geographic factors. Further, the essay will delve into a well-researched PEST analysis with emphasis on the relevant variables that would have an impact on the Sainsbury chain of supermarkets. Lastly, the essay will give recommendations to the store’s marketing mix based on the PEST results in tandem with the needs and wants of its target market with the aim of increasing its competitive advantage. Sainsbury Supermarkets is one of the established by J Sainsbury Plc and it is the third largest significant supermarket chain in Britain because of its 16.3 share presence in the market. The majority shares belong to the royal family of Qatar who hold up to twenty six percent of the overall shares in the supermarket chain. Presently, the supermarket store has a listing on the stock market in London and is a part of the FTSE 100 Index 1. Businesses operated by Sainsbury The parent Company J Sainsbury plc operates five hundred and eighty three supermarket stores, five hundred and twenty three convenience stores, and the Sainsbury bank entities. Employees As per the standing data, Sainsbury offers employment to at least one hundred and fifty seven thousand people as of the 2013 obtained data. Geographical area of operation The supermarket stores mainly has establishments in the United Kingdom meaning that it does not have stores in other nations. Sainsbury revenue: The annual profit recorded by the company in 2013 stood at 788,000,000 Pounds pre tax and the total sales excluding VAT was at 25,632 pounds. Basic annual share earnings for Sainsbury supermarkets The full ye ar dividend per share earnings for 2013 was at 16.7 per share making the basic share earnings to be at 30.7p. Management team The stores head or Chairman is Mr. Tyler David while the Chief Executive Officer is Mr. King Justin 2. Mr. Rogers John is the acting Chief Financial Officer for the supermarkets where the three operate from the head office in London. Location of the Sainsbury head office The physical location of J Sainsbury Plc is at 33 Holborn in London at ECIN 2HT. Environmental impact assessment Ideally, Sainsbury impacts the environment through the energy usage at their facilities, food packaging wastes, and through the transport and distribution aspects of the company. The carbon footprint by the supermarkets amounts to 60% with the contribution being by the lighting, refrigeration, and lighting systems used by the store. Environmental compliance The supermarket conforms to the ideal requirements and practices making eighteen of its deposits to receive ISO 14001 certific ation. Customer basis for Sainsbury On a weekly basis, Sainsbury supermarket serves at least eighteen million customers in which the store also operates an online shopping store and delivery service. The

Dual Diagnosis: Eating Disorders and Alcohol/Substance Abuse

Dual Diagnosis: Eating Disorders and Alcohol/Substance Abuse Alcoholism is characterized by a strong craving to drink, an inability to stop drinking once beginning, a physical dependence upon alcohol to prevent symptoms of withdrawal, and a need for greater amounts of alcohol due to increased tolerance. Substance abuse is defined as the routine use of harmful substances for mood-altering purposes and can include illicit drugs, such as cocaine or heroin, prescription or over-the-counter drugs. Because alcoholism and substance abuse are known as co-occurring disorders, it usually develops alongside other illnesses, such aseating disorderor anxiety disorder. Eating disorders have been associated with high risk substance abuse as the individual has extremely low self-esteem and anxiety, to cope with their painful feelings they turn to stimulants like cocaine or meth, alcohol, laxatives, diuretics, emetics and amphetamines with are frequently used to decrease appetite, increase metabolism, promote weight loss or to purge unwanted calories after eat ing. Symptoms that occur with eating disorders vary a lot. You can experience obsessive thoughts about food and body weight can change eating patterns such as dieting, making excuses not to eat, avoidance of social situations involving food, going to the bathroom straight after meals, your mood can fluctuate from feeling depressed, irritable or anxious, daily activities are affected as you don’t want to go out socially, exercising excessively, spending a lot of time talking about appearance or weight or looking in the mirror and appearance such as wearing baggy clothes to disguise their weight, losing or gaining weight, greasy or dry hair and skin. As a result of these symptoms many individuals turn to alcoholism or substance abuse especially when they become stressed, depressed, have anxiety, low self esteem as it can elevate their mood and become more relaxed in their own skin. Especially people with eating disorders can rely heavily on alcohol as they have symptoms that alcohol reduces for that period of binging. It also can eliminate their feelings of worthlessness. It is also used as a hunger suppressant and to lose weight.The coping mechanisms of purging, bingeing, restricting, drinking is used as they have lost their connection with the original problem, in other words to forget about reality.Or alcohol can have the opposite effect on the individual about their lifestyle and it could result in suicide. Diagnosis of condition: there are two ways to find out the diagnosis of eating disorders and they are a physical evaluations and psychological evaluations. The physical evaluations can include recording their weight and height to get their body mass index, check their vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, pulse, temperature. You need to check their skin integrity to see whether there are any skin tears or is dry and flaky. Also need to do an abdomen examination, urinalysis, blood test to check their electrolytes; as theses will show us if the liver, kidney and thyroid functions are healthy or not. Psychological evaluations involves asking questions regarding their eating habits, behavior, purging, bingeing, exercise, self image, alcohol and substance abuse. These questions can be administered by your doctor or a mental health professional. After undergoing both physical and psychological evaluations the doctor will then see if you fit the criteria by reviewing all your sign s and symptoms and then a diagnostic is given. Management of the condition is to be referred to a nutritionist, undergo psychotherapy and be placed on medication to prevent hospitalization. The nutritionist will educate you and get you back to a healthy weight range; psychotherapist will help you exchange your unhealthy habits for healthy ones to ensure you have changed your eating habits and also educate them on the effects that the alcohol is having on their bodies. There is no medication that can cure eating disorders but can assist you with your sudden urges to binge or purge. They can also be given anti-depressants for depression and anxiety as this will most likely occur in eating disorders. Relaxation therapy is also extremely effective such as yoga, acupuncture, and massage and chamomile tea. They can also get counseling about their alcohol and drug addiction and slowly withdraw them off the substances. There are many companies and support groups out now that can help individuals with both drug and alcohol abuse. What is the prevalence of the condition in the Australian population? Eating disorders affect 9% of the Australian population, with up to 20% of females being not yet diagnosed. There has there been an increase in the prevalence in the past decade as it has doubled for both males and females. The reason for this change is that more teenagers are more susceptible to the pressures of social media and self image of being the perfect shape and size. It is becoming easier to access drugs and alcohol off the streets or have connections with individuals that are older and can buy it for them. Bullying in primary, secondary and tertiary schools and workplace related bullying. As a health professional, what could you do to participate in the ongoing education of people in society in relation to mental health and the disorder you have chosen? By going to local primary schools, high schools and tertiary schools to educate the students on the real risk factors of eating disorders drugs and alcohol have on their health and also talk about not falling to the social media pressures of being size 0 and trying to fit in. Place flyers up in local shops/companies/doctors clinic for people to read. Place adds in the news papers and online to spread the awareness of the affects that eating disorders and substance abuse can have on our selves, friends, families, co-workers and communities. How could you improve or maintain the flow of information between service providers and the community in relation to mental health? By running weekly forums on eating disorders and alcoholism to all ages, having various websites that the community can visit at any time, place ads on the TV about the impacts of eating disorders and advise everyone to get regular checkups at their local general practitioner. Dual diagnosis services are to support the development of responses of mental health and drug treatment services to individuals with both mental illness and substance use problems. They strive to develop the potential of hospital and community based alcohol and drug, and mental health treatment and support services to improve health outcomes of individuals with a dual diagnosis. Desiree Wyatt References Sane Australia. 2010.eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sane.org/information/factsheets-podcasts/179-eating-disorder. [Accessed 17 March 14]. The free dictionary. 2013.compulsive eating. [ONLINE] Available at:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Compulsive+Eating. [Accessed 17 March 14]. Mayo clinic. 2013.eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20033575. [Accessed 17 March 14]. National eating disorders collaboration. 2013.eating disorders in Australia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.nedc.com.au/eating-disorders-in-australia. [Accessed 17 March 14]. eastern heath great health and wellbeing. 2013.dual diagnosis. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.easternhealth.org.au/services/mentalhealth/adult/dualdiagnosis.aspx. [Accessed 17 March 14]. Integrated Treatment of Substance Abuse Mental Illness. 2014. dual diagnosis, eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.dualdiagnosis.org/eating-disorders/. [Accessed 16 July 14].

The Violence of Virgils Aeneid :: Aeneid Essays

The Violence of Virgil's Aeneid      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of Virgil's Aeneid was drawn from many sources, the most influential being the work of the Greek poet Homer.   Virgil based the first six books of the Aeneid on the Odessey and the last six books on the Iliad both written by Homer.   The Aeneid describes the adventures of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan hero who survived the fall of troy, sailed westward to Italy and founded Rome.   During the time that Virgil wrote the Aeneid he incorporated all known Rome history up to his own time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book is world renowned and also is said by many to be one of the best works ever.   The last chapter of the Aeneid has caused some problems for readers.   The first problem that is evident is the manner in which Aeneas deals with Turnus.   In book XII Turnus states that the fight should be between the two men as apposed to both armies fighting any further.   Turnus had every right to dislike Aeneas who came unannounced, tried to take his fiancà ©, Aeneas' son killed their sacred deer, and he took his land.   They have a great dual and Aeneas disarmed Turnus by striking him in the leg.   With his sword to his chest Turnus makes a last request for his body to be returned to his family, as Aeneas is considering the request he notices that Turnus is wearing the sword belt of Pallas and the stoic ways of Aeneas leave him as rage, fury, and anger run through his body.   He kills Turnus in anger and dedicates his death to Pallas. This loss of control and act of violence is the opposite of stoicism and the way Aeneas had been portrayed the rest of the epic.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Turnus has to die for the founding of Rome to occur but he should not have been killed in such a way.   The killing was payback for the dishonorable way that Pallas was killed.   The sword belt had images that reflect Augustinian Rome as did the shield in book eight.   The theft of the belt from Pallas can be compared to the stolen helmet and the youth slain when his guard was down and